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Tuple-Immutable list in Python

We provide effective and economically affordable online training courses for R and Python, click here for more details and course registration ! Python object tuple is a type of list in which the elements can not be modified. It is immutable. When the elements are stored information that are stable, like the area of countries, values of genders, you can use tuples. Tuples are created using parentheses. In the following code, two tuples representing countries Read more…

By wilsonzhang746, ago

List comprehension in Python

We provide effective and economically affordable online training courses for R and Python, click here for more details and course registration ! List comprehension is a concise way to create a list in Python. It is usually a composition of an expression with a for loop statement in the bracket. In the following code, we create a list of squared numbers using list comprehension. Here can we see element**2 is the expression. The later part Read more…

By wilsonzhang746, ago

Power analysis for t-test using R

We provide effective and economically affordable online training courses for R and Python, click here for more details and course registration ! Power analysis is a part of planning analysis for experimental design. It is usually used to determine the minimum sample size required to detect a specified effect with a power level confidence, simultaneously with no larger than a significant level which wrongly reject and affirm the effect when it actually does not exist. Read more…

By wilsonzhang746, ago

How to generate descriptive statistics in R

We provide effective and economically affordable online training courses for R and Python, click here for more details and course registration ! When we have a data set on hand, the first step of data analysis is usually drawing descriptive statistics. The most common descriptive statistics for numerical variables are mean or average, median, minimum and maximum value. summary() in R provides the list of descriptive statistics mentioned. An alternative is using describe() function from Read more…

By wilsonzhang746, ago

Some basic mathematical functions in R

We provide effective and economically affordable online training courses for R and Python, click here for more details and course registration ! In this post, we list some of the most common mathematical functions in R. abs() – compute absolute value of a numerical input. sqrt() – compute square root of numerical input. ceiling() – return the lowest integer no less than the input number. floor() – return the largest integer no larger than the Read more…

By wilsonzhang746, ago

How to modify data frame using transform() function in R

We provide effective and economically affordable online training courses for R and Python, click here for more details and course registration ! Similar as with() function in R, transform() function provides a way to work on data frame with simplified code inside its block. transform() is mostly used to modify a data frame in a concise and explicit manner. The basic form of usage is transform(df, new_var = operation) Where df is the object data Read more…

By wilsonzhang746, ago

How to transpose data objects in R

We provide effective and economically affordable training courses for R and Python, click here for more details and course registration ! Tabular data objects in R can be easily transposed with t() function. In the following example, we create a matrix of 2 rows and 3 columns, then transpose it, and the rows and columns are interchanged. In the next example, we create a data frame first, then rows and columns are interchanged with t() Read more…

By wilsonzhang746, ago

Using with() to simply your object operations in R

We provide effective and economically affordable training courses for R and Python, click here for more details and course registration ! with() function in R provides an alternative way of carrying out several operations bypassing inputting object name repeatedly. For example, we have a data frame ‘grade’ on hand, and want to calculate the correlation coefficient between Math and Physics variables and show summary statistics of numerical variables, we can write code as follows: If Read more…

By wilsonzhang746, ago

How to use apply() function in R

We provide effective and economically affordable training courses for R and Python, click here for more details and course registration ! apply() function in R programming is used to perform a specified function, either a R base installation function or an user-written function, to the rows or columns of a matrix or data frame. The basic for of the function is : apply(object, axis, fun) Where object is a matrix or data frame, axis denotes Read more…

By wilsonzhang746, ago

Using probability functions in R

We provide effective and economically affordable training courses for R and Python, click here for more details and course registration ! R provides rich availability of using probability functions. Probability functions in R takes the form [dpqr][prob], Where [dpqr] represent which kind of variates the function works on d – probability density p – cumulative probabilty q – quantile value r – random number generation [prob] denotes which probability distribution is taken on. The following Read more…

By wilsonzhang746, ago