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How to loop through a dictionary in Python

We provide effective and economically affordable online training courses for R and Python, click here for more details and course registration ! Dictionary objects in Python make storing key-value pairs information fairly easy and straightforward. The information of the dictionary can be returned by using a for loop. There are usually three type of for loops mentioned with respect to the dictionary’s attributes: ‘items’ for getting key-value pairs, ‘keys’ for returning all the keys and Read more

By wilsonzhang746, ago

How to calculate binomial distribution in Python

We provide effective and economically affordable online training courses for R and Python, click here for more details and course registration ! Binomial distribution in statistics is a type of discrete probability distribution, modeling the probability of success times among a predetermined Bernoulli process. A Bernoulli process is a binary experiment with result success or fail, in which the probability of success or fail is constant for each independent trial. The most striking point for Read more

By wilsonzhang746, ago

Tuple-Immutable list in Python

We provide effective and economically affordable online training courses for R and Python, click here for more details and course registration ! Python object tuple is a type of list in which the elements can not be modified. It is immutable. When the elements are stored information that are stable, like the area of countries, values of genders, you can use tuples. Tuples are created using parentheses. In the following code, two tuples representing countries Read more

By wilsonzhang746, ago

List comprehension in Python

We provide effective and economically affordable online training courses for R and Python, click here for more details and course registration ! List comprehension is a concise way to create a list in Python. It is usually a composition of an expression with a for loop statement in the bracket. In the following code, we create a list of squared numbers using list comprehension. Here can we see element**2 is the expression. The later part Read more

By wilsonzhang746, ago

Power analysis for t-test using R

We provide effective and economically affordable online training courses for R and Python, click here for more details and course registration ! Power analysis is a part of planning analysis for experimental design. It is usually used to determine the minimum sample size required to detect a specified effect with a power level confidence, simultaneously with no larger than a significant level which wrongly reject and affirm the effect when it actually does not exist. Read more

By wilsonzhang746, ago

How to generate descriptive statistics in R

We provide effective and economically affordable online training courses for R and Python, click here for more details and course registration ! When we have a data set on hand, the first step of data analysis is usually drawing descriptive statistics. The most common descriptive statistics for numerical variables are mean or average, median, minimum and maximum value. summary() in R provides the list of descriptive statistics mentioned. An alternative is using describe() function from Read more

By wilsonzhang746, ago

Some basic mathematical functions in R

We provide effective and economically affordable online training courses for R and Python, click here for more details and course registration ! In this post, we list some of the most common mathematical functions in R. abs() – compute absolute value of a numerical input. sqrt() – compute square root of numerical input. ceiling() – return the lowest integer no less than the input number. floor() – return the largest integer no larger than the Read more

By wilsonzhang746, ago

How to modify data frame using transform() function in R

We provide effective and economically affordable online training courses for R and Python, click here for more details and course registration ! Similar as with() function in R, transform() function provides a way to work on data frame with simplified code inside its block. transform() is mostly used to modify a data frame in a concise and explicit manner. The basic form of usage is transform(df, new_var = operation) Where df is the object data Read more

By wilsonzhang746, ago

How to transpose data objects in R

We provide effective and economically affordable training courses for R and Python, click here for more details and course registration ! Tabular data objects in R can be easily transposed with t() function. In the following example, we create a matrix of 2 rows and 3 columns, then transpose it, and the rows and columns are interchanged. In the next example, we create a data frame first, then rows and columns are interchanged with t() Read more

By wilsonzhang746, ago

Using with() to simply your object operations in R

We provide effective and economically affordable training courses for R and Python, click here for more details and course registration ! with() function in R provides an alternative way of carrying out several operations bypassing inputting object name repeatedly. For example, we have a data frame ‘grade’ on hand, and want to calculate the correlation coefficient between Math and Physics variables and show summary statistics of numerical variables, we can write code as follows: If Read more

By wilsonzhang746, ago