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How to read excel spreadsheet into a data frame in R

We provide effective and economically affordable training courses for R and Python, click here for more details and course registration ! Data frames in R are the mostly widely used object type in R data analysis, due to the fact that a data frame can afford to have different variables with different modes(numeric, character, Boolean, etc). The data sources that are adaptable to create a data frame in R are versatile. Excel files are such Read more…

By wilsonzhang746, ago

How to create numerical lists in Python

We provide effective and economically affordable training courses for R and Python, click here for more details and course registration ! Although a numerical list can be created manually by filling each element within square brackets in Python, very often will the analyst use some type of ready functions. For example in the following code example, we first try using a for loop with a range() function to print out number 1,2,3,4, then use list() Read more…

By wilsonzhang746, ago

Some simple differences between R and Python

We provide effective and economically affordable training courses for R and Python, click here for more details and course registration ! Both R and Python are popular programming languages for data analysts. R is designed mainly for statistical data analysis, and Python may have more usage in deep learning and web application in addition to general data analysis. Although there are some common points between R and Python, i.e. they are both free and open Read more…

By wilsonzhang746, ago

Test on an individual coefficient in Multiple Linear Regression model

We provide effective and economically affordable training courses for R, Python and Statistics, click here for more details and course registration ! When a multiple linear regression model is estimated, the next step is usually checking the significance of each coefficient. As the arbitrary inclusion of an unnecessary variable into the model will increase the SSR (Regression sum squares) a little, which is not warrant the reduce of the SSE (Sum of Squared Error). So Read more…

By wilsonzhang746, ago

How to create a heapmap using ggplot2 in R

We provide effective and economically affordable training courses for R and Python, click here for more details and course registration ! A heatmap is just a grip type data visualization of the correlation matrix between each variable pair of a data frame. In R, if you want to create a heatmap, you will have to first create a correlation matrix using cor() function for the data frame. Then using melt() function from reshape2 package in Read more…

By wilsonzhang746, ago

Using for loop through a list in Python

We provide effective and economically affordable training courses for R and Python, click here for more details and course registration ! Looping in Python provides a feasible way to deal with each element of an object for particular operations using just a single block of statements. A for loop handling a list in Python creates a temporary variable first, then do a series expected operation with the block. Although the temporary variable name can be Read more…

By wilsonzhang746, ago

Introducing string variables in Python

We provide effective and economically affordable training courses for R and Python, click here for more details and course registration ! String variables in Python are data objects encapsulated in double or single quotes. For example we can create a string variable ‘msg’ and print it out in the following code. The basic function working on strings are print string with upper case, lower case, or title form. Several strings can be concatenated using plus Read more…

By wilsonzhang746, ago

Introduction of S3 class in R programming

We provide effective and economically affordable training courses for R and Python, click here for more details and course registration ! S3 class system is the most used R object oriented programming mechanism. The calling of ‘S3’ comes from the third version of S, which is the ancestor of R programming language. You may not notice S3 when using R for data analysis, but actually It exists everywhere. For example, when a data frame is Read more…

By wilsonzhang746, ago

Create, index and modify lists in R

We provide effective and economically affordable training courses for R and Python, click here for more details and course registration ! List is a type of data objects in R. It can store different types of data objects into one object. You can combine scalars, vectors, matrices, data frames, and even lists into a single list object. A list can be created using list() function in R. The code below shows a simple example to Read more…

By wilsonzhang746, ago

How to create, index and modify data frames in R

We provide effective and economically affordable training courses for R and Python, click here for more details and course registration ! Data frame is the most widely used data object in R programming, due to the fact that a data frame can store different type of data contents (numeric, character, etc) into a tabular form. Creating a data frame is more than just simple. You can concretely combine several vectors into a data frame, as Read more…

By wilsonzhang746, ago